WATCH BREXIT - an ongoing monitor

KATYA ADLER – BBC’s EUROPEAN EDITOR:

Dec. 9, 2019

When supporters of Boris Johnson say: he achieved what so many claimed was impossible: he got EU to renegotiate #Brexit deal therefore he can also get an EU trade deal done by December next year although many say unlikely .. It’s important to remember the red line PM crossed..

He didn’t get the new Brexit deal by bullying/impressing/charming the EU. He got it by agreeing to protect their single market on island of Ireland after Brexit by putting a customs border down the Irish Sea. Allowing a ‘division’ between NIreland + GB he’d pledged never to do

Of course the EU also engaged with Boris Johnson because they believed that he - as a political figure - had a better chance of selling a deal back home to MPs than Theresa May ever had - BUT have a chat in EU circles ..

And you’ll hear the only way Johnson really has chance of getting bare bones FTA with EU done and dusted by Christmas next year is if he crosses his own red lines again and gives in to EU concerns ie. level playing field regulations and allowing EU fishing rights in UK waters

Getting it done seemed of more importance to Johnson with the #Brexit deal than keeping his word about the union and avoiding a dividing line down the Irish Sea. How might it be with an EU trade deal? Would he give up ‘control’ and ‘sovereignty’ for a quick deal by December?

Remember if he signs up to ongoing alignment with EU environmental, labour, state aid competition rules etc after Brexit, then where’s the national sovereignty he promised voters? And if he doesn’t sign on the dotted line, then negotiations with the EU are bound to take longer

Then again, if he did keep U.K. close to EU, then Brexit-related divisions between NIreland and the rest of UK would diminish as the EU need for controls/checks/paperwork to keep an eye on what’s coming in or going out of their single market/customs territory would decrease

It all comes down to not being able to have your cake and eat it. Those trade-offs so many politicians seem very reluctant to come clean about .

BREXIT – WHAT NOW

Possible or likely developments – March 13  ( 16 days before exit )

The UK government seems to be huge difficulties about the possible next steps.  Also because it no longer can decide what should happen.  It is for others to decide ( UK parliament and the EU ).

March 13:     Vote in the House of Commons on whether or not to accept EXIT WITHOUT A DEAL

                        Most likely outcome :   A majority of MPs against leaving without a deal.

                        Consequences:               The government must ask EU for a prolongation of the period

                                                                   until exit from the EU.

                                                                   And if a referendum on exit is called later, the question of

                                                                   leaving without a deal can not appear on the ballot paper.

March 14 :     Vote in the House of Commons on whether the government should ask the EU for a

                                                                   prolongation of the period until exit.

                         Likely outcome :           A majority of MPs will support such a request to the EU.

                         Consequences :            The government has to send the request urgently – and with a

                                                                  clear reason  for the prolongation.   What does the

                                                                  government intend to use the extra time for?

                                                                  A prolongation has to be agreed by each of the 27

                                                                  governments in the EU + by the European Parliament. Just

                                                                  one of them can  block it.

March 21-22:  Meeting in the European Council in Brussels  ( the 27 heads of state and

                                                                                                                governments )   

                          Likely outcome ??      EU will agree to a prolongation with very clear conditions (like

                                                                 a promise of a general election in the UK – or a promise of a

                                                                 new referendum in the UK   - or another NEW promising

                                                                 initiative. It is very unlikely, that EU will accept that the

                                                                 present procedures ( trying to change the present Withdrawal

                                                                 Agreement of Nov. 2018 or just more votes in parliament on

                                                                 the same question as before ).

                                                                 If the EU says no to a prolongation, the UK will leave without

                                                                 a deal on March 29.

                             If a prolongation is agreed, the question is : For how long ?

                             The UK government wants – if needed - a very short prolongation, probably

                             until June 30.   This will mean that the UK will not take part in the European

                             elections on May 23-26, as the new European Parliament will start on July 2.

                             Voices in the EU have indicated that EU will opt for a longer prolongation, say

                             until the end of 2020.   Why ?   Because it will take time ( many months ) for the

                             UK to organise a new referendum.   Or a general election.

                             In such case the UK continues to be a full member of the EU until the end of

                             the prolongation period. This also means that European elections will have

                             to take place in the UK on May 23-26.  

March 25-28 :   European Parliament plenary session.

March 29 :          IF the UK for one or the other reason ends up leaving the EU on March 29 ( and if

                             nothing else is decided this will happen automatically - the Dutch PM Rutte has

                             been talking of the UK sleepwalking into exit without a deal), then it will have

                             huge and immediate consequences, esp. for the UK.

                             The EU chief negotiator Michel Barnier on March 13 :  The risk of a Brexit without

                             a deal has never been greater!

                             Each member state and the EU institutions have prepared a special action plan

                             ( though it is not possible to foresee all possible scenarios ).

                             The Commission agreed a number of contingency plans :

                             http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-6851_en.htm  

                             http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-743_en.htm  

                             http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-1051_en.htm  

                             He is an overview of some of the UK government preparations :

                             https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/partnership-pack-preparing-for-a-no-deal-eu-exit/how-this-pack-will-help-you-prepare-for-a-no-deal-scenario  

                             UK plans – after Brexit – to trade internationally according to WTO rules:

                             The main WTO rule is that you have to treat all trading partners in the same way.

                             This means that if the UK puts its tariffs on some products to 0, it has to make it

                             0 for everybody.  Not just for a selected few.  This fact has been overlooked in

                             the debate so far.   The only alternative is to make free trade agreements. But they

                             always take time to negotiate. And they only come with conditions.

We certainly live in interesting times......

Niels Jørgen Thøgersen

niels4europe@gmail.com

www.europe-in-action.be

BREXIT

Update on March 1, 2019 

A few facts:

• In exactly 29 days the UK will leave the European Union, if nothing else is agreed. It happens on Friday, March 29, 2019

• The UK may abondon the Brexit operation by withdrawing the socalled art. 50 letter.  The EU does not have to agree to it.   If it is the British government or it also needs the agreement of the British parliament is another matter.  But this possibility does not seem to be in the planning.

• If the UK on the other hand wants to extend the deadline to leave the EU it requires the agreement from each of the 27 EU governments and from the European Parliament.   Such an agreement is probably not given without conditions.  This has again been made very clear by president Macron and by chansellor Merkel.

• The negotiated Withdrawal Agreement agreed between the EU and the British government in a legally binding 585 page withdrawal agreement was made on November 14, 2018.  It is accompanied by a 26 page not legally binding statement on future relations.

• The EU has at a European Council on November 25, 2018 unanimously agreed to the Agreement and underlined that this is the best and only possible agreement.   The British Parliament rejected the Agreement by a huge margin of 230 votes on January 15, 2019.

• The UK Parliament on January 29 agreed with 317 votes against 301 to the Agreement ON THE CONDITION that its part on the backstop for the common border in Ireland was removed and replaced by « alternative arrangements »..    This has been refused by unanimity in the EU.

Possible developments :

• PM May held meetings with the EU leadership in Brussels on February 7 and February 20 to try to have some legally binding changes.   EU said once again that there is no way that the legally binding Withdrawal Agreement can be re-opened and re-negotiated.  It is finalised and closed when the EU is concerned.  The UK might obtain some further clarifications in the non-binding paper on future relations.  Talks are also ongoing between EU negotiator Michel Barnier and the UK Brexit minister. But this is probably not enough to change the majority in the UK Parliament.    

• On Monday, February 4, a number of British Parliamentarians met Guy Verhofstadt from the European Parliament and Martin Selmayr, secretary-general of the Commission.  They were informed that no changes were possible.

• PM Theresa May has also started talks with the leader of the British opposition, leader of the Labour party, Jeremy Corbyn.  Unlike May it is a badly hidden fact that Corbyn has always been very critical and de facto is anti-EU.  Therefore, he is not expected to accept either to abandon Brexit or to agree to a future close relationship to the EU  ( such as Norway ).  The question is, if his overwhelmingly EU-positive Labour MPs will accept his line at the end of the process.      He has in his first meeting with May suggested that the UK remains in EU’s Customs Union and also in part of the single market.   In addition he wants workers’ rights to be safeguarded in the new situation.

• Jeremy Corbyn has in addition on behalf of Labour by February 7 made a concrete proposal :  they will vote for a Brexit deal on the conditions that : 

-       A permanent and comprehensive UK-wide customs union will be in place

-       A close alignment with the EU single market and dynamic alignment of rights and protection for workers, so that UK standards do not fall behind those of the EU, will be ensured

-       Participation in EU agencies and funding programmes must be included

-       An agreement on security should also be made

-       UK access to the European Arrest Warrant has to be ensured

            If PM May agrees to these proposals it would, of course, be a very new situation.

            Mr. Tusk welcomed the proposals in his meeting with Mrs. May on Feb. 7.  But

            they will not be « the cup of tea » for the hardline Brexiteers.

• PM May has on May 10 replied to Mr. Corbyn that she does not agree to his suggestion about UK staying in the customs union with the EU. But she looks forward to further talks about finding a solution.      Other members of the Labour leadership ( John MacDonnell and Keir Starmer ) have said, that if the government does not agree to Labour’s suggestions, Labour will propose a second referendum.

• Mr. Corbyn has on February 25 said publicly that if Labour’s proposal will not be adopted in Parliament he and Labour will propose a second referendum !  The two crucial questions are :  1. What will the question to the voters be ?  Will the possibility for the UK to stay a full member of the EU be one of them ? 2. And if that is the case, will Labour then support this option ?

• EU negotiator Michel Barnier made it in talks with the UK government on February 11 clear that the next move has to come from the UK side. F.ex. by accepting that the whole of the UK stays permanently in the Customs Union.

• PM May has said that she aims at a vote in Parliament at the latest on March 12.

• NEW :    On February 26 PM further stated, that if the government’s final proposal is not accepted by Parliament in the vote on March 12, she will make a new proposal to ask, if parliament supports a no-deal Brexit, meaning that the UK will only leave without a deal on March 29, if a majority in parliament agrees to it.   This will be voted on March 13.  And if that fails too the government will make a third proposal on a short extension of the two-year article 50 negotiation process.  PM May emphasized that she if needed wanted this extension be short, up to three months.  This proposal will be voted on March 14.

• BBC has made this brief illustration of the government’s new plan in March :

• Many in the UK have warned strongly against leaving the EU without any deal, not least the business community, but also Mr. Corbyn and many Conservative MPs too.  At the same time concrete, practical preparations for a no-deal situation are on-going in all EU member states and in the UK.

• British industry has via its organisation CBI on Feb. 11 called the present situation « an emergency zone ».  And the National Farmers’ Union has declared that exit from the EU without a deal will be disastrous for British farmers.

• New :  The British government has on Feb. 26 published its own analysis of what leaving the EU without a deal will mean.  The main point are :

Some key points are listed below:

• As of February 2019 only 40,000  businesses have registered for an Economic Operator Registration and Identification (EORI) number. This is a basic requirement for businesses trading between the EU and a ‘third country’. There is an estimated 240,000 EU-only trading businesses that will need to apply for this number.
• In a ‘no deal’ scenario the UK economy is expected to be 6.3-9% smaller in the long term (15 years) than it otherwise would have been assuming no action is taken. The North East of England would be the most impacted region (-10.5%).
• Impact on the UK’s agriculture, forestry or fishing industries would have particular effects in Scotland. ONS figures demonstrate that these three industries account for 1.21% of Scotland’s economy, compared to 0.46% of England’s. 
• Around 92% of Welsh lamb exports by value go to the EU. Consequently, disruption to animal exports would likely be felt strongly by the Welsh lamb industry. 
• Impacts on the UK’s food and drink sector would be more pronounced in Wales, Scotland, and particularly Northern Ireland, where the sector comprises 5.07% of the economy, compared to 1.38% for England.
• The cumulative impact of a ‘no deal’ is expected to be more severe in Northern Ireland than any other region and the paper states that it will soon publish details on how trade will operate on the island of Ireland in a ‘no deal’ scenario. Business failure and potential relocation to Ireland are highlighted as risks. Operation of the Single Electricity Market, crime and security cross-border cooperation, and potential increase in community tensions are also mentioned.
• The administrative burden for businesses to complete customs formalities could be around £13bn p.a. (not accounting for any behavioural change).
• The flow of goods is expected to be seriously disrupted due to the introduction of customs formalities and checks at EU and UK ports. The UK Government’s worst case planning assumption is that, as a result of French checks and lack of businesses readiness, the flow of goods through the Short Channel Crossings (Dover and Eurotunnel) could be very significantly reduced for months.
• Some food shortages are expected as 10% of food items will be directly impacted by delays across the Short Channel Crossings.
• Tariffs on UK exports are also going to have an impact with a case study of the automotive industry supplied in the paper. In 2018, 81.5% of UK vehicle production (1.24 million vehicle) was exported. 42.8% of UK vehicle production was exported to the EU27. In a ‘no deal’ scenario a 10% tariff would be applied on finished vehicles, and around 2.5 - 4% tariff on components. This cost is expected to be passed on to consumers. Details on the UK’s tariff schedule will be published in due course.
• Significant impacts for the service sector are also listed including market access, and non-tariff barriers on establishment and service provision based on nationality requirements, mobility, recognition of qualifications and regulatory barriers when setting up subsidiaries in EU member states. Specific examples provided include lawyers losing the right to provide ‘fly in fly out’ services and financial services firms losing the right to conduct cross-border business. No costs are attached to these impacts.
• The regulatory impact for harmonized sectors is also highlighted with increased costs for businesses exporting to the UK in these sectors due to the need to have their products tested by an EU27-based assessment body. The chemicals sector is provided as an example with UK businesses holding over 12,000 registrations for manufacturing or importing substances. In a ‘no deal’ these registrations would need to be transferred to an EU-based entity if these businesses want to continue to sell into the EU. A transfer fee for a single registration is £1,500 excluding admin costs. And the need to comply with both UK and EU requirements will lead to a duplication of costs and process in addition to an average 5% EU tariff on these chemicals.
• Mutual recognition for non-harmonised goods will also cease to apply meaning exporters may have to meet the requirements of each EU country that they export to depending on how they export their products. Although it is noted that this will impact a minority of trade and it is expected that a majority of trade in non-harmonised goods will be able to continue.
• There is likely to be a gap in the lawful free flow of data in a ‘no deal’ as the EU will only begin the process of granting the UK an adequacy decision after its departure. Businesses are advised to look at alternative arrangements in the absence of this decision.
• UK nationals will lose the automatic right to undertake paid activity while travelling to the EU unless a visa for this purpose is sought.

• The Scottish government and the Welsh government have asked for a prolongation of the March 29 deadline to ensure more time to reach a deal. But the Mrs. May continues to insist that she « will deliver Brexit on time ».

• Important dates in the coming weeks and months :

March 21-22 :  European Council in Brussels

March 25-28 :  European Parliament session

March 29 :       The UK leaves the EU after 46 years of membership   ( ? )

April 3-4 :        European Parliament session  ( first session without the UK - ?)

April 15-18 :    European Parliament session  ( last session of this Parliament )

May 9 :             Informal European Council in Sibiu, Romania  (EU-27 or EU-28)

May 23-26 :      European elections in all 27 member states 

                          ( or 28, if the UK will still be a member after July 1, 2019 )

July 2 :              Inaugural session of the new European Parliament

• Opinion polls in the UK :  The average of the latest six polls about Brexit :

https://whatukthinks.org/eu/opinion-polls/euref2-poll-of-polls/

• The composition of the House of Commons after the June 2017 elections :

( on February 21, 2019 ) :

-       Conservatives :           315 mandates

-       Labour :                      253 mandates

-       Independent Group:  11 mandates  ( 8 ex-Labour + 3 ex Conservatives )

-       LibDems                      12 mandates

-       SNP :                            35 mandates     ( Scotland )

-       DUP :                           10 mandates     ( Northern Ireland )

-       Sinn Fein :                   7 mandates       ( Northern Ireland ).  No MPs there

-       Plaid Cymru :             4 mandates       ( Wales )

-       Greens :                       1 mandate

The Commission :   https://ec.europa.eu/commission/brexit-negotiations_en 

UK Government :   https://www.gov.uk/government/latest?departments%5B%5D=department-for-exiting-the-european-union

Pro-remain site :     InFacts :               www.infacts.org  

Pro-Brexit site :       BrexitCentral :    https://brexitcentral.com/

The Independent :   https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/brexit  

The Guardian :        https://www.theguardian.com/politics/eu-referendum 

NJT – 01 03 2019

Niels Jørgen Thøgersen  -   niels4europe@gmail.com

PS :  The president of the European Council, Mr. Donald Tusk, met the Irish prime minister in Brussels on February 6.    After the meeting Mr. Tusk issued this statement about the situation:

Remarks by President Donald Tusk after his meeting with Taoiseach Leo Varadkar:

There are 50 days left until the UK's exit from the European Union, following the decision and the will of the UK authorities. I know that still a very great number of people in the UK, and on the continent, as well as in Ireland, wish for a reversal of this decision. I have always been with you, with all my heart. But the facts are unmistakable. At the moment, the pro-Brexit stance of the UK Prime Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition, rules out this question. Today, there is no political force and no effective leadership for remain. I say this without satisfaction, but you can't argue with the facts.

Today our most important task is to prevent a no deal scenario. I would, once again, like to stress that the position of the EU27 is clear, as expressed in the documents agreed with the UK government – that is the Withdrawal Agreement and the Political Declaration – and the EU27 is not making any new offer. Let me recall that the December European Council decided that the Withdrawal Agreement is not open for re-negotiation. I hope that tomorrow we will hear from Prime Minister May a realistic suggestion on how to end the impasse, in which the process of the orderly withdrawal of the UK from the EU has found itself, following the latest votes in the House of Commons.

The top priority for us, remains the issue of the border on the island of Ireland, and the guarantee to maintain the peace process in accordance with the Good Friday Agreement. There is no room for speculation here. The EU itself is first and foremost a peace project. We will not gamble with peace; or put a sell-by date on reconciliation. And this is why we insist on the backstop. Give us a believable guarantee for peace in Northern Ireland, and the UK will leave the EU as a trusted friend. I hope that the UK government will present ideas that will both respect this point of view and, at the same time, command a stable and clear majority in the House of Commons. I strongly believe that a common solution is possible, and I will do everything in my power to find it.

A sense of responsibility also tells us to prepare for a possible fiasco. The Taoiseach and I have spoken about the necessary actions in case of no deal; I know that you will also be discussing this shortly with the European Commission.

By the way, I've been wondering what that special place in hell looks like, for those who promoted Brexit, without even a sketch of a plan how to carry it out safely. Thank you.

BREXIT

Update on January 31, 2019 

A few facts:

• In exactly 57 days the UK will leave the European Union, if nothing else happens. It happens on Friday, March 29, 2019

• The UK may abondon the Brexit operation by withdrawing the socalled art. 50 letter.  The EU does not have to agree to it.   If it is the British government or it also needs the agreement of the British parliament is another matter.

• If the UK on the other hand wants to extend the deadline to leave the EU it requires the agreement from each of the 27 EU governments and from the European Parliament.   Such an agreement is probably not given without conditions.

• The negotiated withdrawal deal agreed between the EU and the British government in a legally binding 585 page withdrawal agreement in November 2018.  It is accompanied by a 26 page not legally binding statement on future relations.

• The EU has unanimously agreed to the Agreement and underlined that this is the best and only possible agreement.   The British Parliament rejected the agreement by a huge margin of 230 votes in January 2019.

• The UK Parliament later in January agreed to the Agreement that the part on the backstop for the common border in Ireland was withdrawn and significantly rewritten.    This has been refused by unanimity in the EU.

Possible developments :

• PM May will hold meetings with the EU leadership in Brussels to have some changes.   It is very, very unlikely that she will get anything on the withdrawal agreement.  It is finalised and closed when the EU is concerned.  If she might obtain some further clarifications on the non-binding paper on future relations remains to be seen.  But this is probably not enough to change the majority in the UK Parliament.

• PM Theresa May has also started talks with the leader of the British opposition, leader of the Labour party, Jeremy Corbyn.  Unlike May it is a badly hidden fact that Corbyn has always been very critical and de facto is anti-EU.  Therefore, he is not expected to accept either to abandon Brexit or to agree to a future close relationship to the EU  ( such as Norway ).  The question is, if his overwhelmingly EU-positive Labour MPs will accept his line at the end of the process.      He has in his first meeting with May suggested that the UK remains in EU’s Customs Union and also in part of the single market.   In addition he wants workers’ rights to be safeguarded in the new situation.

• If PM May has her deal rejected in Parliament once again mid February, when the next vote takes place, will it then be politically possible for her to stay on ?

• A possibility could be a new government with members from two or more parties. Perhaps with a « neutral » person as PM ? And that it then took the initiative :

-       Either to abandon Brexit altogether  (withdraw the art. 50 letter)

-       Or to ask EU for a prolongation of the March 29 deadline with the promise to organise a new referendum, which seems to have more and more supporters – not only in the population, but also in Parliament

-       Or agree to the Withdrawal Agreement from November

-       Or to let the UK leave without a deal with the EU  ( with all the very serious consequences).

NJT – 31 01 2019

WATCH BREXIT

An ongoing overview

The national daily THE INDEPENDENT's new campaign for a second referendum ( July 2018 ):

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-referendum-final-say-petition-vote-eu-remain-leave-theresa-may-a8467491.html  

Sir David Attenborough's comments to the Brexit situation:

https://youtu.be/tjco6wp6lis  

Gary Lineker's comments:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdMn96uTKNo

Elton John's remarks:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0aqg9jtE14o

Background:

The UK government organised a referendum on June 23, 2016.

The question to all voters was:

Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?

Altogether 33 million voters took part. This was a turnout of 72 %.

The result of the referendum was the following:

                                         REMAIN:                                    LEAVE:

UK as a whole:                   48,1 % ( 16,1 mill.)                     51,9 %  ( 17,4 mill. )

England:                             46,6 %                                         53,4 %

Northern Ireland:              55,8 %                                         44,2 %

Scotland:                             62,0 %                                         38,0 %

Wales:                                 47,5 %                                         52,5 %

THE UK GOVERNMENT’s formal  Art. 50 letter to the EU of March 29, 2017:

file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/070329_UK_letter_Tusk_Art50%20(1).pdf 

THE EU FORMAL STATEMENT following the UK letter:

http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/03/29-euco-50-statement-uk-notification/

http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/03/31-tusk-remarks-meeting-muscat-malta/

The EU-27 Guidelines for the Brexit negotiations - agreed unanimously on April 29, 2017:

European Council (Art. 50) guidelines for Brexit negotiations - Consilium
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2017/04/29-euco-brexit-guidelines/

THE COMMISSION’ TASK FORCE FOR NEGOTIATIONS:   Website:

https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments/taskforce-article-50-negotiations-united-kingdom_en    

Following the referendum a number of media, websites, NGOs, etc. are following developments:

InFacts:     https://infacts.org/  

The INDEPENDENT:       http://www.independent.co.uk/topic/brexit  

The GUARDIAN Brexit Watch: 

https://www.theguardian.com/business/series/guardian-brexit-watch

The ECONOMIST:  http://www.economist.com/Brexit 

Twitter – Brexit Watch:  HERE

Young people and Brexit:  http://www.covi.org.uk/brexit-watch/ 

OPEN BRITAIN campaign:  http://www.open-britain.co.uk/ 

BBC GUIDE TO BREXIT:

http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887  

HOW TO (BR)EXIT:  Guide from Friends of Europe:

http://www.friendsofeurope.org/media/uploads/2017/03/Friends-of-Europe-How-to-Brexit.pdf

REMAIN MPs hold government to 10 promises :

https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/28/remain-mps-list-10-brexit-promises-to-hold-government-to-account

Richard Corbett :  A list of lies during the referendum campaign :

http://www.richardcorbett.org.uk/long-list-leave-lies/  

Denis MacShane: How the super rich bought the Brexit victory:

https://infacts.org/super-rich-bought-brexit-victory/ 

The Guardian:  On Nigel Farage visit to Julian Assange on March 9, 2017:  HERE

EURONEWS : Article :

http://www.euronews.com/2017/03/31/view-from-great-britain-to-little-england-therasa-may

CNN: About Brexit promises: 

http://money.cnn.com/2017/03/28/news/economy/brexit-broken-promise-article-50-contract/

Niels Jørgen Thøgersen

niels4europe@gmail.com 

April 30, 2017 

4th ed.